Slaves taken to southern market
Engraving by Brooke, 1842, Library of Congress.

Despite Army promises of freedom, Black Seminoles found themselves threatened by slave raiders in the West, including slaveholding Creek Indians and even some former Seminole allies. Worse still, their own appointed government agent conspired against them.

• Creek tensions: Chiefs claim the blacks
• Endangered alliance: Afro-Seminole tensions
• Marcellus Duval: Corrupt Indian agent
• Slide with full image credit

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