Osceola Defies the U.S. at Payne's Landing
Lithograph by Welch, 1841.

Faced with the prospect of forced emigration from Florida to the West, the Seminole allies stood firm during negotiations in 1834-1835. American officers attributed Seminole resolve to the influence of black warriors and Osceola, an "Indian" chief who had strong English ancestry and a large number of African American followers. 

Also see:

• Osceola emerges in 1834
• Before the storm; Osceola's first strike
• Sidetrack: Did blacks control the Indians?
• See all 39 trail slides relating to Osceola
• Slide with full image credit

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